The Impact Of Government Spending On A Selected Business...

P3. Identify the impact of the government spending on a selected business. Introduction For this task, I will be explaining the effects of government spending changes to the business and whole economy using multiplier effect. It will cover Local, National and European level of government spending changes and how each will create an effect to Holland Barrett and to the whole economy. It will cover the effect of the increase in government spending and decreases, to give a better understanding of what changes creates what effects. Also I I will explain what key terms such as â€Å"Local government spending† is, how money is collected and how it is spend. What is government spending? Government spending is the money spends in the economy to manipulate the demand, businesses and keep it stable or help it improve people’s lives and help the economy grow which means businesses are occupied and have a demand supply. They create jobs, the tax is collected and money comes back into the government and possibly again to the economy. Government spending is based on creating multiple effects which actually manipulate the demand. UK Government spending under local sector NEWHAM Newham is a local council in East London. Local government spending is money spend on the local area, in this case, Newham Council area. The budget is collected via council tax which is set on every household in Newham. The money collected from council tax is a budget of local government spending which is the moneyShow MoreRelatedEssay Monetary and Fiscal Policies1091 Words   |  5 Pagesdecisions have affected a selected business. M2: Analyse the effects of fiscal and monetary policies for a selected business in terms of the market in which it operates Tesco like every business will be affected by Monetary and Fiscal policies, whether this be directly or indirectly. Tesco PLC will be affected more indirectly by these policies and in this report I will explain how. Fiscal Policy involves the Government changing the levels of Taxation and Government Spending in order to influence ADRead MoreUnit 38 Business and Economic Environment4792 Words   |  20 Pagescode: QCF Level 3: Credit value: Business and the Economic Environment T/502/5500 BTEC National 10 Guided learning hours: 60 Aim and purpose The aim of this unit is to introduce learners to the interaction between the general economic environment and business activity and how the interactions generate national wellbeing. Learners will study how government activities regulate and influence business activities and how business activities influence government action and policy. Unit introduction Read MoreEvaluate the Impact of Changes in the Economic Environment on a Selected Business642 Words   |  3 PagesEvaluate the impact of changes in the economic environment on a selected business – D1 After various changes to the economic tax and interest rate, CPHP have conducted and compiled research into current public spending. The results show that there has been a dramatic reduction in the level of public spending in the UK. The changes in economic environment will affect a business, the profit of the business will be affected because its affect the price and income of a business, which are the mainRead MoreSubject: D1 Evaluate the Impact of Changes in the Economic Environment on a Selected Business.794 Words   |  4 PagesNwanze Subject: D1 Evaluate the impact of changes in the economic environment on a selected business. I am required to evaluate the impact of changes in the economic environment on marks and spencer’s in relation to government decisions, policies, spending and economic management Government Decisions In 2012 the government decided to raise the minimum wage and change the vat rules this had a massive effect on marks and spencer’s as a company. The government raised the minimum wage to  £6.18 anRead MoreDifferent Types Of Economic Systems1613 Words   |  7 Pagesto natural disasters, such as the earthquake that struck Haiti in 2010 Source: CIA World Factbook, Haiti s Economy; Marginal Revolution, Why Is Haiti so Poor?) Market economies are based on consumers and their buying decisions rather than under government control. Trends and popularity generate what businesses produce. The producers choose how to make products based on the most economical decision: that might mean machine labor to save costs or human labor for specific skills. The buyers decide whoRead Moreunit 38 Accounting2172 Words   |  9 PagesUnit 38 Business and the Economic EnvironmentLearner name Assessor nameSameeha Hussain/Antonio ZarroDate unit issuedUnit DeadlineDate unit submitted by student27/01/1419/04/14 Criteria referenceTo achieve the criteria the evidence must show that the learner is able toAsst Task no. Assessor initial date when metPASS CRITERIAP1 Explain the effects of changes in the economic environment on a selected business P2 Identify how government policies impact on a selected business P3 Identify the impactRead MoreExplain How Economic Systems Attempt to Allocate and Make Effective Use of Resources.113 2 Words   |  5 Pageseconomy system. The government controlled everything on market: what, how, whom to do? Finally the economy is slow and not develops because of lacking competition. Recognize need to change, Vietnam Communist Party decided to practice innovation from command to market economy. Government deployed what is called â€Å"market economy â€Å". In fact it is mixed economy. Collective mechanism has weaknesses and need interfering of government to deny the breaking of economy. Role of government is promote economyRead Morebusiness Essay800 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Assignment questions: Specification of Assessment LO1 (Task 01): Understand the organisational purposes of business 1.1 Identify the purposes of different types of organisation 1.2 Describe the extent to which Siemens meets the objectives of different stakeholders D1 Critically evaluate the responsibilities of Siemens to meet stakeholders objectives. 1.3 Explain the responsibilities of Siemens and strategies employed to meet stakeholders. M1 Identify and find the mission andRead MoreEvaluate the Effectiveness of the Regulatory Regime in a Selected Market of Your Choice1578 Words   |  7 PagesEvaluate the effectiveness of the regulatory regime in a selected market of your choice In this task I will be evaluating the effectiveness of the regulatory regime in a selected market; I will be doing this by identifying a market or industry in the UK business market and researching on the existing regulatory regime governing that particular market. I will also analyse critically how effective it has been implemented and if it is achieving its purpose. I will also discuss its successes and failuresRead MoreAnalysis Of The Textile Industry And Company Analysis1175 Words   |  5 PagesSECTION Iâ€Æ' CHAPTER 1: 1.1. Introduction of the project Mark Andrew Skousen an American Economist states that, â€Å"The reality is that business and investment spending are the true leading indicators of the economy and the stock market. If you want to know where the stock market is headed, forget about consumer spending and retail sales figures. Look to business spending, price inflation, interest rates, and productivity gains. Textile industry is the major manufacturing industry of Pakistan, It generate

The Great Gatsby EssayÂFailure of the American Dream

The novel, The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, is about the American Dream, an idealistic and illusionary goal to achieve wealth and status. The ruthless pursuit of wealth leads to the corruption of human nature and moral values. Fitzgerald uses characters in the novel to show the corruptions and the illusionary nature of the American Dream. The superficial achievement of the American Dreams give no fulfillment, no real joy and peace; but instead, creates lots of problems for the characters in the novel. What happens to Jay Gatsby, Nick Carraway, and Daisy Buchanan represent the failure of the American Dream. Each character has a different dream. For Jay Gatsby, his dream is to attain happiness, represented by Daisys love, through†¦show more content†¦In his eyes, Tom and Daisy and all the others are a bunch of heartless people who becomes successful at the cost of losing precious human values. Gatsby is the only exception among them. In the novel, Nick comments Theyre a rotten crowd,Â… Youre worth the whole damn bunch put together.(Pg 154) With the physical death of Gatsby, Nicks hope for the realization of the American Dream is extinguished. He also has a feeling that Gatsbys faith and hope in his dream is fading away and that Gatsby is beginning to doubt, feeling lost and empty: I have an idea that Gatsby himself didnt believe it would come, and perhaps he no longer cared. If that was true he must have felt that he had lost the old warm world, paid a high price for living too long with a single dream. He must have looked up at an unfamiliar sky through frightening leaves and shivered as he found what a grotesque thing a rose is and how raw the sunlight was upon the scarcely created grass. A new world, material without being real, where poor ghosts, breathing dreams like airÂ… (Pg 161) Gatsbys dream dies, so is Nicks. In conclusion, Fitzgerald uses this tragic story to express his feeling about the American Dream of the American people during the 1920s. The characters in the novel are being used to reflect the gradual demoralization of the people in the society. Every person living in thisShow MoreRelatedWilly Loman, Jay Gatsby, and the American Dream Essay736 Words   |  3 PagesGatsby and Loman My own life’s dream is to have a career in which I can surround myself in music. I will not let anything stand between my dream and I; however, I will never allow my dream to come between myself and my loved ones, or my reality. Many have already fallen victim to the pursuit of the American Dream – a fantastic projection of life that varies based upon its dreamer. However, the road to the American Dream, if followed blindly, can lead to nothing more than a dead end. In The GreatRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of The Great Gatsby 1673 Words   |  7 PagesLiterary Analysis of The Great Gatsby Dreams are a compelling force in people’s lives. They are what propel them forward each and every day in an effort to reach something better. The American Dream has been sought after by millions all over the world for hundreds of years. This country was founded on the belief that anyone could achieve their dreams. However, in the 1920s these hopes and aspirations began to splinter until they ultimately shattered. In the novel, The Great Gatsby, F. Scott FitzgeraldRead MoreComparing The Death Of A Salesman And The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1259 Words   |  6 Pages English Essay: Compare and contrast After reading The Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller and The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, it is clear that there are associations that can be made between the two novels. There are many ways in which the life of Willy Loman compares or contrasts with the life of Jay Gatsby. The most obvious and simplest comparison is their pursuit of the American Dream which leads to their ultimate downfall. Although, Willy and Gatsby contrast in theRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1009 Words   |  5 PagesMaggert Honors English III 7 April 2017 Great Gatsby Essay In Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby, all the characters are attempting to achieve a state of happiness in their lives. The main characters are divided into two groups: the rich upper class and the poorer lower class, which struggles to attain a higher position. Though the major players seek only to change their lives for the better, as in real life, the idealism and morality of the American Dream is inevitably crushed beneath the harsh realityRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1599 Words   |  7 Pagespopular novels is named The Great Gatsby. The Great Gatsby is written to reproduce the environment that Fitzgerald was living in. This semiautobiographical work uses fictitious characters to portray how people around Fitzgerald acted and what the overall theme of America was at this point in time. The years that ensued World War I were known for mass productions of alcohol, grand parties, and greed for money. In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald depicts America through Jay G atsby, expresses the conditionRead MoreLavish Lifestyles in The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald1772 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscover this disillusioning fact, you have to watch other people destroy themselves in the process of achieving you goal. In his novel The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald gives a scathing critique of the lavish and foolish lifestyle of affluent Americans, and of the inanity of the American Dream, the dream of equal opportunity for upward mobility--basically, the dream of wealth. The irony of this is that Fitzgerald himself lived like many of the wealthy character in the book, despite his contempt forRead MoreFailure of the American Dream in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby1042 Words   |  5 Pagesthe life of Gatsby. Gatsby deeply desires to live out the â€Å"American dream.† He wants fame, riches, parties, mansions, but most of all love. Gatsby succeeds in every area except the most important. Gatsby still feels a desire to fulfill his final dream of finding a true love. Not willing to settle for an arbitrary love, Gatsby sets his sights on a young woman named Daisy. The problem is that Gatsby can never have Daisy because she is already in a relationship with another man. Gatsby, still wantingRead MoreThe Great Gatsby Essay936 Words   |  4 PagesThe Great Gatsby Essay By- Happy Bhoombla English- 3A Date-9/28/10 The Great Gatsby, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, is a story about a wealthy man named Gatsby. Gatsby lives a luxuriant life in West Egg of New York. Gatsby’s wealth has an unknown secret because nobody seems to know where his wealth emerged from. Despite of having so much fortune, Gatsby’s true American dream has not been achieved. In the great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald develops Gatsby as a failed American dream to show theRead More F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby - A Life Foolishly Lived1403 Words   |  6 PagesThe Great Gatsby:  Ã‚  A Life Foolishly Lived  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      Released in 1925, F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby cleverly demonstrates the manners and morals commonly practiced throughout the time period. The plot revolves around several main themes and effectively expresses Fitzgerald’s unique perspective. With an objective standpoint, Nick Carraway narrates the story as Jay Gatsby, a foolish racketeer, tries to win over his lifelong love, Daisy Buchanan. Although pecuniary matters canRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald989 Words   |  4 PagesGatsby Essay Hayden Gordon The overall theme of â€Å"The Great Gatsby† by Scott Fitzgerald is the rise and death of the â€Å"American Dream†. The theme is shown to us through the life of Nick Carraway and the high-class society of which he lives amongst. The characters continually hint at the falsified â€Å"American Dream† in their actions and viewpoints throughout the novel. This dream is built through false hopes and crushed by failed goals. The American Dream is the pursuit of prosperity and hope, and

Influence of Consumer Promotional Budget †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Influence of Consumer Promotional Budget. Answer: Introduction Marketing has evolved over the years in order to accommodate the changing preferences of the customers. The marketers are focusing on the creation of long-term relationships with the customers, members of the community, channel members and employees(Pearson 2016). There has been the development of holistic marketing initiatives in which the interdependencies of the marketing environment of today are incorporated. There are four important dimensions of the new form of marketing which includes the internal marketing, performance marketing, relationship marketing and integrated marketing (Pearson 2016). The integrated marketing communication plan should have relevant details about the marketing plan such as single voice, unique message, goal and consistent product features. The communication tools need to be strategically consistent with the aim of redefining the common brand associations. The selected product for this assignment is organic foods. The selected country for promoting the products is Saudi Arabia. The analysis of the current market situation would be analyzed. The determination of the objectives for integrated marketing communications is being done. A suitable promotional budget would be made with special focus on the budgeting approach as well as budget allocation. One integrated marketing communication program would be prepared. The organic foods are gaining worldwide popularity due to its huge benefits. The company aims to provide 100% genuine, authentic, natural and value rich organic foods to the people of Saudi Arabia. The company has its own farms, retail stores and distributes its products through sole agents so that they can reach wide range of customers. The company aims to give 100% satisfaction to customers while preventing any adverse effect on the environment. Analysis of the current market situation The organic food is considered as the most rapid growing sector in the global economy and there has been double increase in its growth annually. This growth has already passed the overall growth rate of the food market (Pearson 2016). The primary driving factor of this kind of crops is the growing concern about the environment (Lee and Yun 2015). The pesticides are used to keep away insects, bacteria, mites and others, which accumulates in the water and soil. It gets consumed in the human body and it has negative side effects on the human body. This has detrimental impact on the health and wellbeing of the people (Lee and Yun 2015). This is the reason for gaining prominence of organic foods. The organic agriculture is a worldwide profitable business, which can be sustainable business for the producers who are willing to enter the market. The current growth of organic food market is 20 to 25 percent in the global sphere and the advanced countries are spending more amount on the organic farming (Willer and Lernoud 2016). However, the organic food market is highly unorganized and organic pulses/food grains dominate the market. The current market of the organic foods is growing at the rate of 25 to 30 percent at present and this figure s expected to rise in the coming years (Lee and Yun 2015). The current growth in this domain is being affected by the increased health consciousness, disposable spending, changing lifestyles and the increasing availability of the organic foods industry. The organic food industry in Saudi Arabia is in nascent stage. The National Agricultural Marketing Co. is in charge of developing the idea of organic foods in Saudi Arabia and deriving ideas from Europe. The center is involved in adapting of the practices of the organic food farming in the country. The country is characterized with health related problems which are directly associated with diets (El Bcheraoui et al. 2015). The Saudi Agricultural market has shown quite improvement in the recent past and there is considerable amount of investment to grow organic foods. The Ministry of Agriculture in Saudi Arabia is active in the organizing of several support and movements concerning organic food products. Organic food is quite popular in Saudi Arabia but people are sometimes averse about purchasing the product due to its high cost. Thimar is a popular organic food store in Saudi Arabia which offers healthy foods to the customers (Bush 2016). The organic food industry is concentrated on few important things such as water, air, mud and others. However, the production of organic food is low in the country owing to the impure water and lack of infrastructure for supporting this kind of farming (El Bcheraoui et al. 2015). The country has huge potential for the purpose of retail and distribution food products. It has also scope for the purpose of importing organic food materials. The consumption of organic foods in the country is expected to grow at the pace of 55% within the next couple of years (Memish et al. 2014). The country has supermarket chains such as Carrefour, Thimar and Tamimi that make available the fresh organic products and offer fresh products to the consumers. The target market for organic foods would be from 18 years to 55 years and it includes both genders. The organic foods would be positioned within the middle income group and the high income groups. Determination of the integrated marketing communications objectives The main objective of the integrated marketing communication is to enhance the levels of interaction tools that would create seamless experience for the customers as well as reinforcing the core messages of the brand. The broad objectives of the organic foods is enumerated below- The marketing communication plan would be helpful in understanding of the consumer behavior of the nation. These would help in the better formulation of the promotional strategies as well as programs. The primary target market for the organic foods would be women and men aged between 18 years to 55 years. This group of population comprises of the productive age group who requires fresh, healthy and nutritious foods so that they can carry out their daily activities in a better manner. The marketing campaign would also help in the determination of the actual preferences of the target market. The integrated marketing communication campaign would helpin the generation of sufficient product awareness among the target audience. There is low level of awareness regarding the organic foods and their subsequent benefits (Solomon 2014). The marketing campaign would not only be profit centric but it would also highlight the advantages of consuming organic food products. This would not only help in gathering new customers but it would also aid in higher retention of the existing customers. The basic purpose of the campaign is to enhance the product image in the minds of the consumers (Solomon 2014). The organic food is often perceived as snob and middle class income segment are reluctant to try them. This notion needs to be changed and improve the image of the organic food industry. Stimulation of desire When the consumers are better aware of the benefits of the organic foods, then they would be highly attracted to their consumption (Solomon 2014). Even if there are people in the target market, who have a pre-conceived notion regarding the consumption of organic foods, this campaign would help in the stimulation of desire to consume healthy food alternatives. The marketing communication campaign would aim to increase the revenues gained from the sale of organic food products (Solomon 2014). It would help in better projection of the products among the consumers and increase their purchasing frequency. Establishment and allocation of the promotional budget The promotional budget is an important thing to be considered while trying to implemented integrated marketing campaign (Ismail and Bawa 2013). The promotional budget can be estimated by calculating the last years sales percentage as well as the projected sales which is estimated for the next year. The budgeting process should take into amount the type of money that should be spent on type of media. There should be more budget allocation for the digital media campaigns as compared to the traditional marketing methods (Bimber 2014). The marketing campaign considering the organic food promotion should take into account the mobile marketing as it is a popular mode of promotion. It is especially common among the youths of todays population and more people are opting for them. There should be fairly large amount of budget allocated for social media networking as it is the best cost effective method for promoting a new product (Ismail and Bawa 2013). A big part of the growth of the product is possible through effective social media marketing. This kind of marketing would allow greater interaction with the target audience since the more number of people use these media to stay connected with their friends and peers.. This promotional campaign would use the zero-based budgeting, in which the onset of budgeting process would start from zero and there is little reference made to the earlier years budget (Callaghan, Hawke and Mignerey 2014). The budget for the overall promotional would be proposed to the senior management for their approval (Ismail and Bawa 2013). The components of the marketing campaign need to be reviewed with all the different heads requiring approval. This would ensure an optimal allocation of the resources in the most important promotional tools. The allocation of promotional budget is illustrated below- Promotional Tools Estimated budget ($) Estimated impacts Social Media Marketing 9,000 High Search Engine Optimization (SEO) 8,000 High Email Marketing 3,000 Medium Magazine Advertisements 4,000 Medium Radio Advertisements 2,000 Low Video Advertisements 2,500 Low Facebook Twitter Advertisements 3,000 High Cost of materials 11,000 Medium Manpower recruitment 12,000 Medium Cost of evaluation tools 1,000 Medium TOTAL BUDGET 55,500 - Fig: Promotional Budget for organic foods Source: Created by author Development of an Integrated Marketing Communication program The development of an integrated marketing communication program is essential for the purpose of promotion of the organic food products in Saudi Arabia (Ismail and Bawa 2013). The integrated marketing communication would use two different tools for promotion. The two tools used are digital marketing and advertising. The digital marketing comprises of the different search engine optimization, mobile marketing and social media marketing.The first is the identification of the target market in which the campaign would be aimed at (Ismail and Bawa 2013).A message would be created that would be circulated to all the social media websites and mobiles marketing tools. This would be done in an attractive manner and interactive manner, which grabs the attention of the readers. The campaign would also be used for development of brand awareness, building of relationships and the generation of website traffic. The following illustration is the poster that would be circulated in digital marketing campaign The above poster would be posted live in various social media websites such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Tumblr and others. This can be posted in the company page of the social media website. It would also be used in various video websites such as YouTube. This would also be posted in the official website of the company who is promoting the product.The digital marketing should be done in such a manner that the target market of organic food is catered to. In Facebook pages, there are pages of organic foods in Saudi and these should be targeted. The product should be advertised on these channels. The creation of the company page would also be helpful in reaching out to the masses. The advertisement function would comprise of the circulation of the content in various online as well as offline modes. There would be various media tools involved such as radio advertising, video advertising, print media, broadcast media such as television. The above advertisements would make the audience realize the bas effects of non-organic food products and they would be more bend towards the organic food products. It should be decided regarding the number of times the advertisement would be broadcasted or published. The frequency is important for penetrating into the target market within short period of time. The company can also engage in online coupons to the first 100 customers in their website, which would help in greater brand visibility. The objectives of the website are to display more number of organic foods and increase their interaction with the audience. There should be live chat services with the clients in the websites so that the customers are well guided once they visit the website. The major selling idea of the advertisements would be the emphasis of healthy aspects of organic foods. The creative tactics used would be text along with graphics. The objective of this advertising is to reach wide number of audience and empower them about the new product. Monitoring and evaluation It is important to monitor as well as evaluate the marketing campaign so that it meets the desired pre-determined objectives (Andrews and Shimp 2017). It is important to assess the effectiveness of the digital campaign so that the objectives of the integrated marketing communication are fulfilled. The first following are the ways the integrated marketing campaign would be used- Google Analytics- The company website should be well maintained and updated at all times so that it can attract a high number of traffic. The Google analytics should be used to detailed information regarding important information such as landing pages, referring pages, site traffic and others (Andrews and Shimp 2017). These should also be used to track visitors pattern and their way of surfing online. It would also comprise of the feedback process of the digital marketing campaign. Monitoring the feedback- The marketers should try to analyze the feedbacks received from the customers and try to improve their product features in case of customer negative feedbacks. The products should be manufactured, packaged and distributed as per the needs and demands of the consumers. Interacting in social media- The company officials should involve in greater interaction with the customers in social media websites (Andrews and Shimp 2017). There should be proper interaction between the consumers so that they are free to express their concerns. Their queries, issues and problems should be addressed and relevant solution should be sought. Surveys- The organic food manufacturer should engage in surveys and polls, which would help the consumers to express their satisfaction levels (Andrews and Shimp 2017). It would help the marketers to understand the various thinking patterns of the consumers and if they are happy about the type of product offered to them. The monitoring and the control of the program would be done by using the field tests. There would be customer interviews in which they would be asked about the feedback of the marketing campaign. The type and quality of the advertisements would be evaluated from the feedback received from the customers. There would also be phone surveys done, which would ask the customers about their views on the products and their perceived benefits. This type of monitoring would give more realistic view of the current situation. Conclusion The organic food industry presents interesting trends in the global market. The concept of organic food is gaining prominence and it is a fast growing alternative to traditional foods. The people are opting towards healthy food alternatives and hence they have started positive affinity towards organic food products. This report discussed about the analysis of the current market situation in global basis and particularly in Saudi Arabia. The organic food industry in Saudi Arabia is in nascent stage and hence it is important to perform extensive promotional campaigns. This would make it sure that the product is well visible among the target market. The integrated marketing communication is being determined. The promotional budget has been allocated which would help the campaign run in a successful manner. The development of the integrated marketing communication is being done along with two tools such as advertising and digital marketing. The concluding section discussed the several ev aluation tools that would be used for monitoring the marketing campaign. This report would broaden the understanding of the integrated marketing communication campaign and how to implement it. References Andrews, J.C. and Shimp, T.A., 2017.Advertising, promotion, and other aspects of integrated marketing communications. Nelson Education. Bimber, B., 2014. Digital media in the Obama campaigns of 2008 and 2012: Adaptation to the personalized political communication environment.Journal of Information Technology Politics,11(2), pp.130-150. Bush, R.C., 2016. Family farming in the Near East and North Africa. Callaghan, S., Hawke, K. and Mignerey, C., 2014. Five myths (and realities) about zero-based budgeting.McKinsey Company, p.2. El Bcheraoui, C., Basulaiman, M., AlMazroa, M.A., Tuffaha, M., Daoud, F., Wilson, S., Al Saeedi, M.Y., Alanazi, F.M., Ibrahim, M.E., Ahmed, E.M. and Hussain, S.A., 2015. Fruit and vegetable consumption among adults in Saudi Arabia, 2013.Nutrition and Dietary Supplements,2015(1), pp.41-49. Ismail, M. and Bawa, M., 2013. Influence of consumer promotional budget (CPB) on sales in retail marketing (RM). Lee, H.J. and Yun, Z.S., 2015. Consumers perceptions of organic food attributes and cognitive and affective attitudes as determinants of their purchase intentions toward organic food.Food quality and preference,39, pp.259-267. Memish, Z.A., Jaber, S., Mokdad, A.H., AlMazroa, M.A., Murray, C.J. and Al Rabeeah, A.A., 2014. Peer reviewed: Burden of disease, injuries, and risk factors in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 19902010.Preventing chronic disease,11. Pearson, S., 2016.Building brands directly: creating business value from customer relationships. Springer. Solomon, M.R., 2014.Consumer behavior: Buying, having, and being(Vol. 10). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Willer, H. and Lernoud, J., 2016.The world of organic agriculture. Statistics and emerging trends 2016(pp. 1-336). Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL and IFOAM Organics International.

Pre-Colonial Literature free essay sample

Even before the Spaniards came to colonize our country, the natives in our land already had a civilization of their own. This is in contrast to what some early Spanish colonizers claim that the Philippines, before they came here, did not have a culture of its own and was barbaric. Even during the modern times, some people claim that natives of the early Philippines had a culture which is inferior to theirs. But although our histories were full of depreciations from other cultures, the way of life even before the coming of colonizers was already flourishing. That is enough reason to defend the fact that our culture is never inferior to anyone’s. Pre-colonial Filipinos, for instance, had a system of writing before the coming of the Spaniards called Baybayin. This goes to show that even before the time of Christ our ancient people were abreast with the style of the world’s writing. We will write a custom essay sample on Pre-Colonial Literature or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Although the natives did not have the knowledge of the Roman alphabet, which was what the first colonizers used, it did not make them illiterate as some may think. With the existence of written language also comes literature as a natural consequence. Pre-colonial literature abounds in the form of sabi (maxims), bugtong (riddles), epics, and myths. The early Filipinos also had a form of government called Barangay, headed by a Datu or Sultan (among the Moros). Social classes exist but social mobility was possible. Also, the early Filipinos followed and obeyed rules, as evident in the ancient body of laws: Code of Kalantiao and Code of Maragtas, which is also called Code of Sumakwel. Therefore, even before colonizers came, our ancient people already had an organized community or settlement. Our country has known godliness since time immemorial. Our ancestors turned to religion for hope and encouragement, proving religion was the backbone and outstanding power of the world and brought change to the human conduct in moral, social and business life. It is said that the apprehension or conviction of the existence of a Supreme Being or a supernatural power or influence controls a person’s humanity. The pre-Spanish Filipinos believed in a Supreme Being they called Bathala and worshipped minor deities whose functions were closely related to the daily life of the people. Based on the way of life of our ancestors, one can make several observations. 1. Our ancestors already had concepts or ideas which are not far from those of other countries. Early Filipinos had concepts of people, places, statuses, or events similar with that of other culture although some of these countries did not colonize us. The natives of the Philippines were considered by the Spaniards as indigenous people possessing epic poems in the style of Iliad and the Grecian Ode, which sang glories of its people and the memorable deeds of their heroes. These epics include, but are not limited to, Biag ni Lam-ang of the Ilocanos, Tuwaang of the Manuvus in Central Mindanao, Hinilawod of the Sulod of Panay, Hudhud and Alim of the Ifugaos, Handiong of the Bikolanos and the Bantugan of the Maranaws. The Alim tells the story of gods who resembled the Indian gods in the epic of Ramayana. Our ancestors also had a concept of hierarchy as seen in their myths. The story of The Great Flood by the Tinggians mentioned guards and palace. The concept of beauty of our ancestors is also evident in their literary works. An example is the description of the Maiden of Monawon in the epic Tuwaang: But she was much fairer Than the eye of the rising sun For it can be darkened And hence be dimmed For it can be covered Even by a little cloud Over the horizon. Generally, those women who were considered beautiful by our ancestors had black hair which reached down to the waist, had fair skin and had shapely legs. However, our ancestors did not only look at the physical aspect as they also considered beautiful those who are skilled in crafts. A Story of the Orphan Girl mentioned how our ancestors defined beauty based on skills. †¦for she was very beautiful, with straight eyebrows, and very skillful in all womanly arts, such as weaving†¦ Myths and legends also bore traces of Hindi and Hindu influences. For example, the history of the deluge of Northern Luzon and the legend of the Manubo Ango in Agusan contained some parallelism with biblical history of ot and the Hindu myths of Ahalya in Ramayan. Our ancestors had a way of explaining phenomena Our ancestors used literature as a way of explaining natural phenomena, past events, and contemporary beliefs. This is to make the environment less fearsome by making it more comprehensible and, in more instances, to make idle hours less tedious by filling them with humor and fantasy. For instance, the Maranaw legend How the Angels Built Lake Lanao explains how the said lake is formed. The ancient Visayans’ mythology created a world they called Bambu. Other manifestations of this observations include the Panay-Visayan myth of Tungkung Langit and Alunsina which tells the story behind the rain and thunder as well as the Second Creation of the Tirurays which relates how the calls of the forest doves named lemugens give the farmers much needed agricultural omen. 3. The early Filipinos gave importance to values and beliefs. The literature of the natives recorded written traditions about wisdom which are beneficial to human life. The early Filipinos valued their beliefs so much that they take efforts to pass them from generation to generation through different forms of oral and written literature. These can be seen in several proverbs and short poems. These forms of literature make use of different early Filipino values such as patience, humility, wit, contentment, resilience, courage, sociability or pakikisama, and friendship. For instance, the proverb, ‘Ang kata-katayak sukat makapagkati ng dagat (Tiny drops of water continuously draining, enough to dry up the sea)’, stresses the Filipino value of patience. These simplest forms of literature, which contain talinhaga (analogue, metaphor or figure) give us a clear picture of the oral literature in a culture. This, in turn, give us an idea of the general and shared conceptions of what is good, right, appropriate, worthwhile, and important with regard to modes of conduct and states of existence in a given community. 4. The pre-colonial natives were observant of their surroundings. The early Filipinos were critical-thinkers as they sensed what was happening around them and incorporated these observations into their ulture, especially in literature. Bugtongs (riddles) were usually about anything that can be found in nature. Riddles such as ‘Kapag hiniwa mo, naghihilom nang walang pilat (tubig)’ from the Aetas, ‘Batang Magindanaw, abot hanggang Saysay ang kanyang palahaw (agung)’ from the Bagobos, ‘Sa hita ni Iggat lahat ay kumakaskas (pulot-pukyutan)’ from the Isnegs, ‘Malaking bahay, libot ng durungawan (lambat)’ from the Tagbanwas and ‘Sinturon ni Apu, walang pwedeng humiram (sawa)’ of the Subanons all have answers which can be found in the surroundings of the natives. This is because material culture cannot be separated from the non-material culture. They become essential to a culture’s functioning because without them, people could not carry on the necessary activities of daily life. But more than that, they are expressions of the culture that produces them. Material aspects of culture carry with them non-material aspects such as the value and belief regarding or associated with that object or element. 5. Our ancient people used different aspects of culture as a way of self-expression. Our ancestors used art, literature, dance, and music as ways of expression. More than just preserving and inculcating their way of living in a certain field of the arts, the natives used different media in self-expression. In the field of art, expression can be seen in their tools and weapons, potteries, beads, amulets, and bracelets. They give us a clear picture of how the early Filipinos vented out their emotions. Tattoos and clothing are also forms of art. More than being a symbol of social class, they are also a reflection of the personality of the wearer. Furthermore, Filipinos are considered born musicians. Most of them played one or two musical instruments. Perhaps, these instruments served as an outlet in showing the emotions of the natives. Poems of love, grief, adventures, and celebration of bountiful harvests were sung to the accompaniment of musical instruments. Dances, which are rhythmic movements in tune to music, also expressed their way of living. Thus, the ancient Filipinos from all regions had different dances and songs for all occasions. Lastly, in the field of literature, both oral and written works contain the portrayal of the pre-colonial Filipinos’ feelings, both favorable and otherwise. Human passion is evident in different short poems. For instance, the Lamge of the Bilaans show how they are enthusiastic with working even though they are already tired. The Dangdang-ay, on the other hand, expresses unfading love of the author for a person. The Dumheb ako a Dumas by the Ivatans relate about the personal problem of the author which concerns beauty. Ancient Filipinos had many outlets to express their emotions and feelings. They did not limit themselves to only one form of cultural manifestation; rather, they had many ways to reflect their personalities. In conclusion, the pre-colonial natives of the country already had concepts or ideas which are not far from those of other countries had a way of explaining phenomena, gave importance to values and beliefs, were observant of their surroundings, and used different aspects of culture as a way of self-expression. These observations are evident in artifacts, especially in literary proofs and this only shows that even before colonizers set foot on our land, our ancestors already had patterns of behavior and its products embodied in thought, speech, action and objects.